Perception of learning by anatomy teachers in the COVID-19.

The discipline of anatomy is one of the pillars of training in higher education courses in health area. Since its origin, this discipline has used the traditional method as an educational strategy. Since then, the discipline has undergone changes, including other teaching methods, such as active methodologies. With the COVID-19 pandemic, declared in March 2020 and the closure of higher education institutions, the teaching of anatomy was impacted, since it was necessary to adapt the modality of face-to-face teaching to remote teaching. The present study aims to evaluate the perception of teachers regarding students' anatomy learning in relation to the types of methodologies applied in remote teaching during the pandemic. For such, a cross-sectional study was carried out, which analyzed the answers of 101 anatomy teachers. The results showed that there was no statistically significant difference regarding teachers' perception of learning in relation to the type of methodology used in remote teaching during the pandemic. There was also no difference in comparing perceptions regarding the type of methodology used before and during the pandemic. Given this, these data encourage the need for reflection in the academic community and new studies with educators and students, in order to identify factors that may improve the quality of anatomy learning.

Soy milk versus simvastatin for preventing atherosclerosis and left ventricle remodeling in LDL receptor knockout mice.

Functional food intake has been highlighted as a strategy for the prevention of cardiovascular diseases by reducing risk factors. In this study, we compared the effects of oral treatment with soy milk and simvastatin on dyslipidemia, left ventricle remodeling and atherosclerotic lesion of LDL receptor knockout mice (LDLr-/-) fed a hyperlipidic diet. Forty 3-month old male LDLr-/- mice were distributed into four groups: control group (C), in which animals received standard diet; HL group, in which animals were fed a hyperlipidic diet; HL+SM or HL+S groups, in which animals were submitted to a hyperlipidic diet plus soy milk or simvastatin, respectively. After 60 days, both soy milk and simvastatin treatment prevented dyslipidemia, atherosclerotic lesion progression and left ventricle hypertrophy in LDLr-/- mice. These beneficial effects of soy milk and simvastatin were associated with reduced oxidative stress and inflammatory state in the heart and aorta caused by the hyperlipidic diet. Treatment with soy milk was more effective in preventing HDLc reduction and triacylglycerol and VLDLc increase. On the other hand, simvastatin was more effective in preventing an increase in total cholesterol, LDLc and superoxide production in aorta, as well as CD40L both in aorta and left ventricle of LDLr-/-. In conclusion, our results suggest a cardioprotective effect of soy milk in LDLr-/- mice comparable to the well-known effects of simvastatin.

Effects of ethanol consumption and alcohol detoxification on the biomechanics and morphology the bone in rat femurs.

The objective of this study was to verify the effects of ethanol consumption and alcohol detoxification on the biomechanics, area and thickness of cortical and trabecular bone in rat femur. This was an experimental study in which 18 male Wistar rats were used, with 40 days of age, weighing 179 ± 2.5 g. The rats were divided into three groups (n=06): CT (control), AC (chronic alcoholic), DT (detoxification). After experimental procedures, the animals were euthanized by an overdose of the anesthetic and their femurs were collected for mechanical testing and histological processing. All animals did not present malnutrition or dehydration during experimentation period. Morphometric analysis of cortical and trabecular bones in rat femurs demonstrated that AC animals showed inferior dimensions and alcohol detoxification (DT) allowed an enhancement in area and thickness of cortical and trabecular bone. Material and structural properties data of AC group highlighted the harmful effects of ethanol on bone mechanical properties. The results of this study demonstrated that chronic alcoholic rats (AC) presented major bone damage in all analyzed variables. Those findings suggested that alcohol detoxification is highly suggested in pre-operative planning and this corroborates to the success of bone surgery and bone tissue repair. Thanks to the financial support offered by PROBIC - UNIFENAS.

Effects of ethanol consumption and alcohol detoxification on the biomechanics and morphology the bone in rat femurs / Efeitos do consumo de etanol e da desintoxicação alcóolica sobre a biomecânica e morfologia óssea em fêmur de ratos

Abstract The objective of this study was to verify the effects of ethanol consumption and alcohol detoxification on the biomechanics, area and thickness of cortical and trabecular bone in rat femur. This was an experimental study in which 18 male Wistar rats were used, with 40 days of age, weighing 179±2.5 g. The rats were divided into three groups (n=06): CT (control), AC (chronic alcoholic), DT (detoxification). After experimental procedures, the animals were euthanized by an overdose of the anesthetic and their femurs were collected for mechanical testing and histological processing. All animals did not present malnutrition or dehydration during experimentation period. Morphometric analysis of cortical and trabecular bones in rat femurs demonstrated that AC animals showed inferior dimensions and alcohol detoxification (DT) allowed an enhancement in area and thickness of cortical and trabecular bone. Material and structural properties data of AC group highlighted the harmful effects of ethanol on bone mechanical properties. The results of this study demonstrated that chronic alcoholic rats (AC) presented major bone damage in all analyzed variables. Those findings suggested that alcohol detoxification is highly suggested in pre-operative planning and this corroborates to the success of bone surgery and bone tissue repair. Thanks to the financial support offered by PROBIC – UNIFENAS.

Resumo O objetivo deste estudo foi verificar os efeitos do consumo de etanol e da desintoxicação alcoólica sobre a biomecânica, área e espessura do osso cortical e trabecular em fêmur de ratos. Este foi um estudo experimental no qual foram utilizados 18 ratos Wistar machos, com 40 dias de vida, pesando 179±2,5 g. Os ratos foram divididos em três grupos (n=06): CT (controle), AC (alcoolista crônico), e DT (desintoxicado). Após os procedimentos experimentais os animais foram eutanaziados por uma overdose de anestésico e os fêmures coletados para os testes mecânicos e processamento histológico. Todos os animais não apresentaram desnutrição ou desidratação durante o período de experimentação. As análises morfométrica do osso cortical e trabecular demonstraram que os animais do grupo AC apresentavam dimensões inferiores, enquanto nos animais do grupo DT observou-se um aumento na área e espessura do osso cortical e trabecular. Dados dos materiais e das propriedades estruturais óssea do grupo AC destacam os efeitos nocivos do etanol sobre as propriedades mecânicas do osso. Os resultados deste estudo demonstraram que os ratos do grupo AC apresentaram danos significativos no osso em todas as variáveis ​​analisadas. Esses resultados sugerem que a desintoxicação alcoólica é recomendada no planejamento pré-operatório e isso corrobora para o sucesso de cirurgias e reparação no tecido ósseo. Agradecemos ao apoio financeiro oferecido pelo PROBIC – UNIFENAS.

Effects of cigarette smoke inhalation and coffee consumption on bone formation and osseous integration of hydroxyapatite implant.

The present study aims to assess the effects of cigarette smoke inhalation and/or coffee consumption on bone formation and osseous integration of a dense hydroxyapatite (DHA) implant in rats. For this study, 20 male rats were divided into four groups (n = 5): CT (control) group, CE (coffee) group, CI (cigarette) group and CC (coffee + cigarette) group. During 16 weeks, animals in the CI group were exposed to cigarette smoke inhalation equivalent to 6 cigarettes per day; specimens in the CE group drank coffee as liquid diet; and rats in the CC group were submitted to both substances. In the 6th week a 5 mm slit in the parietal bone and a 4 mm slit in the tibia were performed on the left side: the former was left open while the latter received a DHA implant. As soon as surgeries were finished, the animals returned to their original protocols and after 10 weeks of exposure they were euthanised (ethically sacrificed) and the mentioned bones collected for histological processing. Data showed that exposure to cigarette smoke inhalation and coffee consumption did not interfere in weight gain and that solid and liquid diet consumption was satisfactory. Rats in the CC group showed a decrease in bone neoformation around the tibial DHA implant (31.8 ± 2.8) as well as in bone formation in the parietal slit (28.6 ± 2.2). On their own, cigarette smoke inhalation or coffee consumption also led to diminished bone neoformation around the implant and delayed the bone repair process in relation to the CT group. However, reduction in the bone repair process was accentuated with exposure to both cigarette smoke inhalation and coffee consumption in this study.

Anatomical arrangement and distributionof the cerebral arterial circle in rats

The cerebral arterial circle is a polygonal shape-like arterial anastomosis placed in the brain base, whereit rounds the optic quiasm and the tuber cinereum, and also related to the interpeduncular fossa and theanterior perfurated substance. It is formed by the proximal parts of the anterior, middle and posterior cerebralarteries, and the right and left posterior communicating arteries. In order to describe the cerebral arterial circledisposition we investigated the brains of twenty rats. For each animal, the heart left ventricle was probed andacetone, distilled water at 37 °C and a solution of Neoprene Latex “450” stained with a specific red pigmentwere injected in sequence into it. To fix the brain in a better way, we isolated the head and made an apertureat the dorsal wall of the cranium and the whole specimen was fixed in a 15% formaldehyde solution. We tookoff the brain from the skull with the aid of a cold light source monocular magnifier. To take the photographicdata we used a semi-professional camera. The results showed that the cerebral arterial circle in rats is formedby branches of both internal carotid arteries and of the basilar artery, and is closed rostrally by the rostralcommunicating artery, and caudally by the right and left terminal branches of the basilar artery. We concludedfrom our data that the cerebral arterial circle in rats is compound by branches of both internal carotid arteriesand basilar artery, and that it is rostrally and caudally closed.

Morphologic analysis of mice’s pineal gland

The pineal gland or pineal body is an endocrine gland that constitutes an important part of the neuroendocrine system, due to the secretion of melatonin, a hormone responsible for the seasonal organization of several physiologic and behavioral events of an individual’s life. Experimental researches using animals such as rats, mice and rabbits are often found in the extensive specific literature but aspects related to the morphology of mice’s pineal gland are few. Concerning its small size, the present paper performed a microscopic analysis of serial median sagittal sections of the pineal gland of 13 (thirteen) Swiss mice. The pineal gland of Swissmice was found to be in the median plane below the splenium of the corpus callosus, superior and dorsal to the habenular commissure, and rostral to the rostral colliculi. The pineal gland is closely related to the third ventricle and presents itself with a characteristic tonsillar shape with a stalk. Two types of different cells were identified in the gland, that is, astrocytes and pinealocytes, spreading randomly all over the glandular tissue. Calcifications of the pineal gland were not found in any of the observed animals.

Inguinal rings: a morphometric study on brazilian male newborns

Este estudio, pretende mejorar el conocimiento sobre las dimensiones y la disposición de los anillos inguinales en varones recién nacidos brasileños, considerando que en la literatura anatómica y clínica no existe claridad en estos aspectos, y que esta región es de gran importancia para pediatras y cirujanos. La investigación se realizó en 30 cadáveres fijados de varones recién nacidos, escogidos al azar, provenientes del Laboratorio de Anatomía de la Facultad de Ciencias Médicas de Santos y de la UNIFESP - Escola Paulista de Medicina, ambos en Sao Paulo, Brasil. La disección de la región inguinal fue realizada con lupa. Se registraron los calibres de los anillos inguinales interno (profundo) y externo (superficial) con paquímetro de precisión. También fue observada la posición relativa de cada uno de los anillos con la finalidad de identificar su exacta sobreposición o la formación de un pequeño canal inguinal. Luego, los datos fueron analizados estadísticamente. Nuestros resultados mostraron que no existen diferencias significativas en los tamaños de los anillos inguinales superficiales y profundos, cuando se relacionan entre sí o, cuando se realiza la comparación horno o contralateral. La exacta sobreposición es rara y lo más común fue el hallazgo de un canal inguinal bien formado